F. Bonding

F01. Describe the structural changes which occur in enamel early in the acid etching cycle and recognize the effect of over-etching on the enamel structure.

F02. Describe the proper technique for acid etching enamel, emphasizing etchant concentration, application techniques, time of application, removal of acid, role of contamination, and potential harm to the pulp.

F03. Recognize the adverse effects that may result when dental composite restorations do not bond adequately to etched enamel.

F04. List the three areas of improvements of the dental composites in clinical performance due to acid etching of the enamel surface.

F05. Identify the problems that a clinician may encounter when he or she uses a resin to restore lesions in which the margins are all or partially on the root surface.

F06. 

F07. Until recently, the majority of the dental profession believed that dentin bonding could be achieved by chemical bond formation to the tooth tissues. By considering factors such as surface energy, variations in chemical compositions, and problems associated with keeping the surface free from moisture, such a bond mechanism may not be achieved clinically. Explain why chemical bonding may be difficult to achieve under clinical conditions.

F08. Describe the proper method of manipulating and applying a dentin bonding agent and identify the mechanism that makes it possible to bond to a dentin surface.

F09. Explain how it is possible to have a certain dentin bond strength and at the same time also some degree of microleakage.

F10. Identify potential problems with treating cervical lesions and how those problems should be managed.

F11. Identify the benefits of using a pit and fissure sealant and state the prerequisite properties and proper technique for its successful placement.

F12. List three requirements of bonding to a substrate and discuss why the enamel surface is considered to be an extremely poor substrate for the bonding of sealants.

F13. Discuss the importance of sealant penetration into the etched enamel and three conditions which can impair or influence sealant penetration.

F14. Briefly describe the requirements for sealants to be successfully used in the oral cavity including physical properties, clinical requirements, and physical and chemical characteristics.

F15. List and discuss the five manipulative factors that can influence sealant retention and prevention.