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            additional notes in this section > [ 2 ]  [ 4 ]  [ 7 ]  [ 6 ]  [ 9 ]
             

       
      1500s  a time of chaos  + wonder  
         

      new technology (printing) replaced traditional scribes  

        caveat > for a long time, the handwritten was valued over the printed. 
      are there any similarities to contemporary society?  
         
        major and minor benefits  
        literacy rises   
        bourgeoisie learn to read + eventually peasants   

        popular culture  
        advent of novel /pulp publishing  
        pleasure reading   
        romance novels   
        italic typeface   
        economy   
         

        eventually low  literacy comes to mean  oppression   
        literacy = empowerment  

        increase in material = increase in focus/analysis/critique   
        thinking in hands of people   
           
           
           
           
           
           
         

      typography   
      germans arnold pannartz + conrad sweynheym   
      developed upper and lower case   
      integration of 9th carolingian miniscules + roman trajan column      		    
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

      writing — then printing   

        stabilized + unified language   
        increased learning through access  

        latin continues to be used  
        vernacular languages become domininant   

          why? plethora of presses   

          and through colonization + trade  
           

      age of discovery?  
      vernacular languages spread throughout world through and because of colonization   
        english > u.s., caribbean, hong kong, parts of africa and asia  
        spanish > south and central american countries (except brasil), canary islands, parts of caribbean  
        french > parts of southeast asia (vietnam,laos, cambodia), parts of africa  

        + colonies of immigrants  
         

      design   
      concern for design = integration of type and image   
      technology = keyline strokes around images   
      albrecht dürer   
      illustration   
      italy — german connection    
      renaissance principles of perspective